研究生期末考试
考试范围: 1-4以及7-8单元
- 阅读题: 选择题，课外四篇，六级，考研，同等学位申硕，学位英语(华北联考学位英语考试)，pet5难度，40分20题
- 学术读写词汇题: 选择题，两部分共20题，40分（每单元A篇+B篇5题传统词汇题，5题同义词） 第一部分: 四选一选择题来自text a和b 课后词汇题或课文，10题 20分 第二部分: 划线部分选择同义词，选自text a课后题formal 和informal 课后题，10题 20分
- 写作题: 20分 话题和课文(Text A 和B)相关，160-200字
第1单元-economic
选词填空
distributor gain labor manufacture transaction price invisible hand
the software is priced at $700
该软件售价700美元
The cost of repaired the car includes parts and labor
修理这辆汽车的费用包括零件和人工费
We managed to get a record of his recent banking transactions
我们查到了他最近的银行交易记录
No companies should be allowed to harvest our personal information for their own gain
任何公司都不应被允许为自己的利益而获取我们的个人信息
population growth not only increases the supply of labors,in favorable conditions it increases the demand for both food and manufactured goods
人口增长不仅增加了劳动力的供给，在有利的条件下，它还增加了对食品和制成品的需求
In The Wealth of Nations,Adam Smith showed that even though each individual pursued his own self-interest,through the invisible hand he was led to promote an end which was n part in his intentions
亚当·斯密在《国富论》中指出，尽管每个人都在追求自己的利益，但通过无形的手，他被引导着去实现一个与他的意图无关的目标
Although the distributors actually purchases goods from the manufacturer to resell on his own account,he is much more than just another customer.
尽管经销商实际上是从制造商那里购买商品，然后自己转售，但他不仅仅是另一个顾客。
同义词替换
亚当·斯密称其为“看不见的手”——这是一种神秘的力量，它引导着无数的人，每个人都为自己的利益而工作，去促进使许多人受益的目标。在数百万不协调的私人交易的表面混乱中，出现了市场的自发秩序。自由的人类自由地相互作用，其结果是一系列的商品和服务比人类的大脑所能理解的还要广泛。没有独裁者，没有官僚机构，没有超级计算机提前计划。事实上，经济计划得越多，就越容易受到短缺、混乱和失败的困扰…
Adam Smith called it "the invisible hand"- the mysterious power that leads innumerable people,each working for his own gain,to promote ends that benefit many. Out of the seeming chaos of millions of uncoordinated private transactions emerges the spontaneous order of the market. Free human beings freely interact, and the result is an array of goods and services more immense than the human mind can comprehend。 No dictator,no bureaucracy, no supercomputer plans it in advance。 Indeed, the more an economy is planned, the more it is plagued by shortages, dislocation, and failure ...
innumerable-a lot of
transactions- exchange trade
an array of: a series of
more immense--more huge
comprehend-- understand
plagued---troubled ,suffer
第2单元-business ethics
选词
When politicians and economists talk about market forces,they mean the economic factors that affect the availability of goods and the demand for them, without any help from or control by the government.
当政治家和经济学家谈论市场力量时，他们指的是在没有政府帮助或控制的情况下，影响商品的可用性和需求的经济因素。
The dramatic change in business environment makes all industries face drastic competition. This also happened in the financial institutions。
商业环境的急剧变化使得各行各业都面临着激烈的竞争。这也发生在金融机构中
A(n) free enterprise system can be contrasted with a socialist economic system, which depends heavily on government planning and public ownership of the means of production.
自由企业制度可以与严重依赖政府计划和生产资料公有制的社会主义经济制度相比较。
The oil price increases pushed the European economy into deep recession。
油价上涨使欧洲经济陷入严重衰退。
Adam Smith's famous invisible hand theory has been modified to cater to the current economic situation.
亚当·斯密著名的“看不见的手”理论被修改以适应当前的经济形势。
An individual or organization that owns stocks in a corporation can be called stockholder
拥有公司股票的个人或组织可以被称为股东
In economics, profit maximization is the short-run or long-run process by which a firm determines the price and output level that returns the greatest profit.
在经济学中，利润最大化是一个短期或长期的过程，通过这个过程，企业决定价格和产出水平，以获得最大的利润。
A socialist market economic system has now taken shape, and the basic role played by the market has been improved in the sphere of resource allocation.
社会主义市场经济体制初步形成，市场在资源配置中的基础性作用进一步增强。
同义词替换
Smith's insights led him to conclude that profit maximization is the right goal for a business and that the free enterprise system is best for society.
史密斯的洞察力使他得出结论，利润最大化是企业的正确目标，自由企业制度对社会是最好的。
insight --- understanding
Most academics today subscribe to the following modified version of Adam Smith's theory ...
今天的大多数学者都赞同以下对亚当·斯密理论的修正版本。
subscribe to--agree with
Through the political process, society imposes a wide range of regulations that are designed to keep companies from engaging in practices that hurt society.
通过政治程序，社会强加了一系列旨在防止公司从事损害社会的行为的规定。
impose-- force to be accepted 把。。。加强在
... and that might have a serious adverse effect on long-run oil supplies.
这可能会对长期石油供应产生严重的负面影响。
adverse---bad 不利于
An increasing number of companies see their mission as more than just making money for their shareholders.
越来越多的公司认为自己的使命不仅仅是为股东赚钱。
mission--task/purpose
Consistent with this mission, the company has its own in-house foundation that has made large investments in a wide range of philanthropic ventures worldwide.
与这一使命相一致的是，该公司拥有自己的内部基金会，并在全球范围内对各种慈善事业进行了大量投资。
philanthropic--charitable
There are other instances where corporate leaders have donated personal funds.
还有一些企业领导人捐赠个人资金的例子。
donated--given
It received a notable boost in 2006 when famed investor Warren Buffett announced that he would donate a huge share of his fortune to the Foundation.
2006年，著名投资家沃伦•巴菲特(Warren Buffett)宣布，他将把自己的一大笔财产捐赠给该基金会。
famed--famous
第3单元-Psychology
选词
aptitude bout debilitate martial platitude reassuring ruminate squabble undermine validate
platitede 陈词滥调；平凡；陈腐
I'm slowly recovering my strength after a bout flu.
一场流行性感冒后，我的体力正在慢慢恢复。
The data is validated automatically by the computer after it has been entered.
数据输入后由计算机自动验证。
Polly and Susie were having a squabble about who was going to write the paper.
波莉和苏茜正在为谁写论文而争吵。
Edison had an incredibly great aptitude for inventing things.
爱迪生在发明方面有令人难以置信的天赋。
When "I Love You” becomes a platitude, that's just sad.
当“我爱你”成为陈词滥调时，真是令人伤心。
Don't allow the sinfulness in the world you inhabit to debilitate your spirit's strength.
不要让你居住的世界上的罪恶削弱你精神的力量。
A few years ago, two revealing studies of teenagers appeared, one of them something of a shocker, the other reassuring.
几年前，出现了两项关于青少年的研究，其中一项令人震惊，另一项让人安心。
Don't undermine your worth by comparing yourself with others. It is because we are different and each of us is special.
不要拿自己和别人比较而贬低自己的价值。这是因为我们是不同的，我们每个人都是特别的。
When you ruminate, you are likely to be so lost in thought that you stare off into space and don't hear people when they call your name.
当你沉思的时候，你很可能会陷入沉思，以至于当别人叫你名字的时候，你会盯着远方，听不见。
Experts suggest that, for men, sharing chores is very important in maintaining a healthy martial relationship.
专家表示，对于男性来说，分担家务对于维持健康的婚姻关系非常重要。
同义词替换
His heart is overflowing with awe and gratitude for the beauty of her, the perfection.
他对她的美丽和完美充满了敬畏和感激之情。
overflowing with-- full of
Then she picks up the baby, who immediately perks up, wiggling and cooing.
然后她抱起婴儿，婴儿立刻活跃起来，扭动着，咕咕叫着。
perks up--becomes alert and energetic
He follows his wife around the house, ruminating about the baby's hearing and about the way deafness would ruin her life.
他跟着妻子在家里转来转去，反复思考孩子的听力问题，以及耳聋会如何毁掉她的生活。
ruminating about--keeping thinking about
By Sunday night he has sunk into despair.
到了星期天晚上，他陷入了绝望。
sunk into despair--been left in hopelessness
He is prone to depression; he has long bouts of listlessness ...
他容易抑郁;他长时间无精打采。
prone to--likely to suffer from
Such people are unfazed by defeat.
这种人不怕失败。
unfazed-- not disturbed
Pessimists can in fact learn to be optimists, and not through mindless devices like whistling a happy tune or mouthing platitudes
事实上，悲观主义者也可以学着成为乐观主义者，而不是通过一些无意识的手段，比如吹口哨或说一些陈词滥调
mouthing platitudes--saying sth,that people are quite familiar with
Far from being the creations of boosters or of the popular media, these skills were discovered in the laboratories and clinics of leading psychologists and psychiatrists and then rigorously validated.
这些技能远非助推器或流行媒体的创造，而是在顶尖心理学家和精神病学家的实验室和诊所中发现的，然后经过严格验证。
rigorously validated.--officially approved
第4单元-environment
选词填空
绿色环保运动--green movement
受保护区域--protected areas
动植物灭绝--extinction of animals and plants
野生鱼类资源--wild fish stocks
生产清洁能源--make clean power
节约资源--save resources
培养生物多样性--nurture biodiversity
控制污染--regulate pollution
阻碍对生态体系的破坏--prevent damage to ecosystems
扩大清产业--expand clean industries
集体世界观--collective worldview
生态经济--ecological economy
同义词替换
And these environmental pressures are not static. They are escalating, as our population grows and as countries continue their quest for more economic growth.
这些环境压力并不是一成不变的。随着我们人口的增长和各国继续寻求更多的经济增长，这些问题正在升级。
static--unchangeable
escalating--increasing
We know how to regulate pollution and to prevent damage to ecosystems, if we want to.
如果我们愿意，我们知道如何控制污染和防止对生态系统的破坏。
regulate--control
This challenge is about the future of human societies, not some optional charitable endeavor that we can leave to philanthropic generosity and do-gooders.
这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来，而不是一些我们可以留给慈善慷慨和行善的人的可选择的慈善事业。
endeavor--effort
philanthropic--charitable
We are in a period of consequences, and the world needs to know that healthy nature is not some optional nicety but a set of essential material assets.
我们正处于一个后果严重的时期，世界需要知道，健康的自然不是什么可选的美好事物，而是一套重要的物质资产。
nicety--pleasant detail
A different and more sophisticated approach is required, perhaps led by fashion gurus and other non-environmental opinion-formers.
我们需要一种不同的、更复杂的方法，或许由时尚大师和其他非环保意见领袖领导。
sophisticated-complicated
So long as this world view remains even partly intact ,then culture change and reforms to align economic ideas with ecological capacities are, I fear, almost impossible to achieve.
只要这种世界观保持哪怕是部分完整，那么我担心，让经济理念与生态能力相结合的文化变革和改革几乎是不可能实现的。
align-change
Altering societies' world views is a massive job, but it is not impossible.
改变社会的世界观是一项艰巨的任务，但并非不可能。
alter-changing
The next 50 years will be among the most momentous on Earth for millions of years.
未来的50年将是地球上数百万年来最重要的50年之一。
momentous-important
第7单元-Sociology
选词填空
safety net 安全保障
subjective welling-being 主管幸福感
incentive-- 激励措施
personal satisfaction 个人满意度
high calling--崇高的使命
procure objects 实现目标
work orientation 工作定位
a means to an end 达到目的手段
top out-- 达到顶点
实现职业发展是最终成为一名专家,并获取更多弹性和独立性的一种重要手段。
To achieve professional development isimportant as a means to the end of becoming an expertand gaining more flexibility and independence
在过去三十年内开展的多项研究表明,个性是预示个人满意度的有效指标。
Numerous studies over the last 30 years have suggested that personality is a powerful predictorof a person's life satisfaction
员工对自己的工作定位首先是由他们对“工作是什么”这一概念的理解决定的。
An employee's work orientation is shaped in the first instance by their understanding of “what work is about ”
政府正试图出台新的措施来构建更加完善的安全保障体系。
The government is trying to introduce new measures to create a better social safety net and encourage better worker pay
很多智力竞赛的电视节目是以金钱作为激励的。
Money has been used as the incentive of many intelligence contests in TV program
同义词翻译
For what incentive will a worker pour heart and soul into making a quality product?
是什么激励工人全心全意地生产高质量的产品?
pour heart and soul--try one's best
The lure of a lifetime of great riches at the end of several years of grueling 80-hour weeks as a lowly associate has lost much of its power.
多年来，作为一名底层律师，他每周工作80个小时，过着令人精疲力尽的生活。
lure-temptation
grueling-working exhaustedly
He may have held a lowly job, but he recrafted it into a high calling.
他也许曾担任过一份卑微的工作，但他把它改头换面，变成了一项崇高的事业。
a lowly job--humble job
recraft--turned
A career entails a deeper personal investment in work.
职业需要更深层次的个人投入。
entails-requires
Individuals with a calling see their work as contributing to the greater good,to something larger than they are, and hence the religious connotation is entirely appropriate.
有天职的人把他们的工作看作是对更大的利益的贡献，对比他们更大的东西的贡献，因此宗教的内涵是完全合适的。
contributing to--being beneficial to
connotation--implication
第8单元-Globalization
选题填空
Charles Robert Darwin is credited with popularizing the concept of organic evolution by means of natural selection.
查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文被认为是通过自然选择普及了有机进化的概念。
organic evolution--有机进化
It is important for countries, no matter how different they are and whatever civilizations they have inherited, to forge relationships based mutual respect and understanding.
世界上任何不同的国家，任何不同的文明，都应该在相互尊重、相互理解的基础上发展关系。
mutual respect--相互尊重
Edge effect is found at the boundaries of two ecological systems where there is more synergism(协同作用), biological activity, and variations in the micro-environment.
边缘效应出现在两个生态系统的边界上，在这两个生态系统的边界上存在着更多的协同作用、生物活性和微环境的变化。
Edge effect 边缘效应
Police authorities at all levels must strive to safeguard social stability the fundamental interests of the people and the authority of the law.
各级公安机关要努力维护社会稳定，维护人民根本利益和法律权威。
social stability-社会稳定
The term political correctness usually refers to upholding a social taboo against language and attitudes that might be considered offensive
“政治正确”一词通常指对可能被认为冒犯的语言和态度坚持一种社会禁忌
political correctness--z政治正确
Any kind of cultural tradition is handed down to the next generation in the same way as any kind of knowledge can be passed on.
任何一种文化传统都可以像任何一种知识一样传给下一代
cultural tradition--文化传统
The rooms are individually decorated in modern style, very comfortable, and retain their own distinct identity
客房均采用现代风格独立装修，非常舒适，保留了自己独特的个性
distinct identity--鲜明特色
同义词替换
So the critical question for today's global leaders is: How can habits and cultures evolve to join a bigger planet, without sacrificing distinct identities and individual pride?
因此，当今全球领导人面临的关键问题是:在不牺牲独特身份和个人自豪感的情况下，习惯和文化如何进化，以加入更大的星球?
evolve--develop
In the 1720s, Bach incorporated the sarabande as a movement in his Cello Suites.
在1720年代，巴赫在他的大提琴组曲中加入了sarabande作为一个乐章。
incorporated--combined
Its members are a peer group of virtuosos, masters of living traditions whether European, Arabic, Azeri,Armenian, Persian,Russian, Central Asian, Indian,Mongolian, Chinese,Korean or Japanese.
其成员是来自欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本的艺术大师。
virtuosos--skillful performers
Most of all, we have developed a passion for each other's music and developed a bond of mutual respect, friendship, and trust that is palpable every time we are on stage.
最重要的是，我们对彼此的音乐产生了热情，建立了相互尊重、友谊和信任的纽带，每次在舞台上都能感受到这一点。
palpable--obvious
This joyous interaction is such a desirable common greater goal that we have always been able to resolve any differences through amicable dialog.
这种愉快的互动是如此令人向往的共同更大的目标，我们总是能够通过友好的对话来解决任何分歧。
amicable--friendly 友好的
As we open up to each other, we form a bridge into unfamiliar traditions,banishing the fear that often accompanies change and dislocation.
当我们对彼此敞开心扉时，我们就架起了一座通向陌生传统的桥梁，驱除了常常伴随着变化和混乱的恐惧。
banishing--getting rid of 消除
A thriving cultural engine can help us figure out how groups can peacefully meld, without sacrificing individuality and identity.
一个繁荣的文化引擎可以帮助我们找出如何在不牺牲个性和身份的情况下，和平地融合群体。
meld--combine
Our stories will be different, but I'm sure that each of us can recall a teacher whose inspiration transformed our lives.
我们的故事将会不同，但我相信我们每个人都能回忆起一位老师，他的灵感改变了我们的生活。
transformed--changed
Through imagination,we are able to transcend our present local reality and envision distant futures.
通过想象，我们能够超越当前当地的现实，想象遥远的未来。
envision--imagine
In our world of specialization, compartmentalization, and myriad responsibilities, empathy is the ultimate quality that acknowledges our identity as members of the human family.
在这个专门化、划分和无数责任的世界里，同理心是承认我们作为人类大家庭成员身份的终极品质。
myriad--a large number of